Sojourner Truth Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction Sojourner Truth was born in 1797, in Hurley N.Y. Sojourner was born into slavery, and was given the name Isabella Baumfree. Sojourner’s parents, were also slaves, in Ulster county N.Y. Because slave trading was very prominent in those days, Sojourner was traded and sold many times throughout her life. Sojourner ran away from slavery before the Emancipation act was published, and decided to change her name to Sojourner Truth. This name bares great meaning, because she intended on telling the truth to all people about slavery. Sojourner also wanted a religious name, and she felt that this name would best suit her purpose. Sojourner set out on her mission, to educate all people on the subject of slavery, and became a very powerful speaker. She became an influential speaker for women’s rights, as well for the abolishment of slavery all over the country. She became famous for being the first black women to speak out against slavery. Sojourner died at her home in Battle Creek, Michigan on November 26, 1883. She left behind a legacy of ideas and principles for other great black leader to follow. She will always be remembered for her courage, perseverance, diligence, and patience. Her Birth And Parentage Sojourner Truth, originally named, Isabella Baumfree, was born, between the years 1797. She was the daughter of James and Betsey, slaves of one Colonel Ardinburgh, Hurley, Ulster County, New York. Colonel Ardinburgh belonged to that class of people called Low Dutch. Sojourner can give no account to her first master, because she was a young infant when he died. Sojourner and her parents, along with a number of other slaves, became the property of Charles Ardinburgh, son of the deceased master. She distinctly remembers hearing her father and mother say, that their lot was a fortunate one, because their new master, Charles, was the best of the family, because he was very kind to his slaves. James and Betsey, by their faithfulness, docility, and respectful behavior, gained favoritism, and received a lot of land. This land lay on the slope of a mountain, on which they managed to raise a little tobacco, corn, or flax, which they exchanged for extras, in the articles of food or clothing for themselves and children. Who was Sojourner Truth? Sojourner Truth came to Northampton in 1843 to live at the Northampton Association of Education and Industry, a ut... ... no mand could head me! And ain't I a woman.† Conclusion Sojourner Truth has overcome many obstacles in her life, which have made her the great historical icon that she is today. She will always be remembered for her courage and bravery that helped make a difference. Sojourner has made many sacrifices in her life that has not only benefited herself, but many others. Sojourner fled from her life of enslavement to find a better life for her and her children. She did whatever she could do to free her children and to keep them safe. After gaining her freedom, Sojourner set out to free others who were enslaved all over the country. She realized that this would be a difficult task to accomplish on her own, but she knew that there was a higher power that governed us all. She believed and had unmovable faith in the almighty God. Sojourner knew that without God, she would have never been as fortunate as she has. Sojourner gave a whole new meaning to the phrase, "without no struggle, there is no progress." She has truly demonstrated the validity of this phrase, because she has struggled to accomplish what she felt God wanted her to do, and for this she will always be honored.

Java-Whitepaper Essay

This white paper compares C++/Qt with Java/AWT/Swing for developing large-scale, real-world software with graphical user interfaces. References are made to independent reports that examine various aspects of the two toolsets. 1 A Comparison of Qt and Java 1. What Do We Compare? When selecting an environment for a large software development project, there are many aspects that must be considered. The programming language is one of the most significant aspects, since its choice has considerable impact on what other options are available. For example, in a GUI development project, developers will need a GUI library that provides ready-made user interface components, for example, buttons and menus. Since the selection of the GUI library itself has a large impact on the development of a project, it is not uncommon for the GUI library to be chosen first, with the programming language being determined by the languages for which the library is available. Usually, there is only one language per library. Other software components like database access libraries or communication libraries must also be taken into consideration, but they rarely have such a strong impact on the overall design as the GUI libraries. In this white paper, the objective is to compare the C++/Qt environment with the Java/AWT/Swing environment. In order to do this in the most useful way, we will begin by comparing the programming languages involved, i. e.C++ and Java, and then compare the two GUI libraries, Qt for C++ and AWT/Swing for Java. 2. Comparing C++ and Java When discussing the various benefits and drawbacks of particular programming languages, the debate often degenerates into arguments that are based on personal experience and preference rather than any objective criteria. Personal preferences and experience should be taken into account when selecting a programming language for a project, but because it is subjective, it cannot be considered here. Instead we will look at issues such as programmer-efficiency, runtime-efficiency and memory-efficiency since these can be quantified and have been examined in scientifically conducted research, although we will also incorporate information based on the practical exerience of projects that have been implemented in our own company. 2. 1. Programmer-efficiency Programmer-efficiency describes how efficiently (i. e. how quickly and accurately) a programmer with a given degree of experience and knowledge can implement a certain set of requirements in a particular programming language, including debugging and project setup time. Since developer salaries are one of the primary cost factors for any programming project, programmer-efficiency greatly affects the 2 A Comparison of Qt and Java cost-efficiency of the project. To some extent, programmer-efficiency is also determined by the tools available. The main design goal of Java is increased programmer-efficiency compared to other general-purpose programming languages, rather than increased memory- or runtime-efficiency. Java has several features designed to make it more programmer-efficient. For example, unlike C++ (or C), the programmer does not have to explicitly â€Å"free† (give back) allocated memory resources to the operating system. Freeing unused memory (garbage collection) is handled automatically by the Java runtime system, at the expense of memory- and runtime-efficiency (see below). This liberates the programmer from the burden of keeping track of allocated memory, a tedious task that is a major cause of bugs. This feature alone should significantly increase the programmer-efficiency of Java programmers, compared to C++ (or C) programmers. Research shows that in practice, garbage collection and other Java features, do not have a major influence on the programmer-efficiency. One of the classic software estimation models, Barry Boehm’s CoCoMo1 predicts the cost and schedule of a software project using cost drivers which take into account variables like the general experience of a programmers, the experience with the programming language in question, the targeted reliability of the program, etc. Boehm writes that the amount of effort per source statement was highly independent of the language level. Other research, for example, A method of programming measurement and estimation by C. E. Walston and C. P. Felix of IBM2, points in the same direction. Both the reports cited here pre-date the advent of Java by many years, although they seem to reveal a general principle that the sophistication of a general-purpose programming language has, compared with other aspects, like the experience of the developers, no significant influence on the overall project costs. There is more recent research that explicitly includes Java and which supports this hypothesis. In An empirical comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl3, Lutz Prechelt of the University of Karlsruhe, describes an experiment he conducted in which computer science students were assigned a particular design and development task and asked to implement the specification provided in any of the languages C, C++, or Java which they could freely choose according to their personal preferences (the other languages were examined in a different part of the research project). The data gathered shows almost the same results for C++ and Java (with C running third in most aspects). This is also backed up by our own experience: if programmers can choose their favorite programming language (which is usually the one they have most experience of), programmers with the same level of experience (measured for example, in years of programming experience in general) achieve about the same programmer-efficiency. Another interesting aspect that we noted (but which is not yet supported by any formal 3 A Comparison of Qt and Java research) is that less experienced developers seem to achieve somewhat better results with Java, medium-experienced developers achieve about the same results with both programming languages, nd experienced developers achieve better results with C++. These findings could be due to better tools being available for C++; nevertheless this is an aspect that must be taken into account. An interesting way to quantify programmer-efficiency is the Function Point method developed by Capers Jones. Function points are a software metric that only depend on the functionality, not on the implementation. Working from the function points, it is possible to compute the lines of code needed per function point as well as the language level which describes how many function points can be implemented in a certain amount of time. Intriguingly, both the values for the lines of code per function point and the language level are identical for C++ and Java (6 for the language level, compared with C’s 3. 5 and Tcl’s 5, and 53 for the lines of code per function point, compared with C’s 91 and Tcl’s 64). In conclusion: both research and practice contradict the claim that Java programmers achieve a higher programmer-efficiency than C++ programmers. 2. 2. Runtime-efficiency We have seen that Java’s programmer-efficiency appears to be illusory. We will now examine its runtime efficiency. Again, Prechelt provides useful data. The amount of data he provides is huge, but he arrives at the conclusion that â€Å"a Java program must be expected to run at least 1. 22 times as long as a C/C++ program†. Note that he says at least; the average runtime of Java programs is even longer. Our own experience shows that Java programs tend to run about 2-3 times as long than their equivalent C/C++ programs for the same task. Not surprisingly, Java loses even more ground when the tasks are CPU-bound. When it comes to programs with a graphical user interface, the increased latency of Java programs is worse than the runtime performance hit. Usability studies show that users do not care about whether a long running task takes, say, two or three minutes, but they do care when a program does not show an immediate reaction to their interaction, for example when they press a button. These studies show that the limit of what a user accepts before they consider a program to be â€Å"unresponsive† can be as little as 0. 7 seconds. We’ll return to this issue when we compare graphical user interfaces in Java and C++ programs. An explanation about why Java programs are slower than C++ is in order. C++ programs are compiled by the C++ compiler into a binary format that can be executed directly by the CPU; the whole program execution thus takes place in 4 A Comparison of Qt and Java hardware. (This is an oversimplification since most modern CPUs execute microcode, but this does not affect the issues discussed here. ) On the other hand, the Java compiler compiles the source code into â€Å"bytecode† which is not executed directly by the CPU, but rather by another piece of software, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM in turn, runs on the CPU. The execution of the bytecode of a Java program does not take place in (fast) hardware, but instead in (much slower) software emulation. Work has been undertaken to develop â€Å"Just in Time† (JIT) compilers to address Java’s runtime efficiency problem, but no universal solution has yet emerged. It is the semi-interpreted nature of Java programs that makes the â€Å"compile once, run anywhere† approach of Java possible in the first place. Once a Java program is compiled into bytecode, it can be executed on any platform which has a JVM. In practice, this is not always the case, because of implementation differences in different JVMs, and because of the necessity to sometimes use native, non-Java code, usually written in C or C++, together with Java programs. But is the use of platform-independent bytecode the right approach for crossplatform applications? With a good cross-platform toolkit like Qt and good compilers on the various platforms, programmers can achieve almost the same by compiling their source code once for each platform: â€Å"write once, compile everywhere†. It can be argued that for this to work, developers need access to all the platforms they want to support, while with Java, in theory at least, developers only need access to one platform running the Java development tools and a JVM. In practice, no responsible software manufacturer will ever certify their software for a platform the software hasn’t been tested on, so they would still need access to all the relevant platforms. The question arises why it should be necessary to run the Java Virtual Machine in software; if a program can be implemented in software, it should also be possible to have hardware implement the same unctionality. This is what the Java designers had in mind when they developed the language; they assumed that the performance penalty would disappear as soon as Java CPUs that implement the JVM in hardware would become available. But after five years, such Java CPUs have not become generally available. Java automatically de-allocates (frees) unused memory. The programmer allocates memory, and the JVM keeps track of all the allocated memory blocks and the references to them. As soon as a memory block is no longer referenced, it can be reclaimed. This is done in a process called â€Å"garbage collection† in which the JVM periodically checks all the allocated memory blocks, and removes any which are no longer referred to. Garbage collection is very convenient, but the trade offs are greater memory consumption and slower runtime speed.. With C++, the programmer can (and should) delete blocks of memory as soon as they are no longer required. With Java, blocks are not deleted until the next garbage collection run, and this depends on the implementation on the JVM being used. Prechtelt provides figures which state that on average (†¦ ) and with a confidence of 80%, the Java programs consume at least 32 MB (or 297%) more memory than the C/C++ programs (†¦ ). In addition to the higher memory requirements, the garbage collection process itself requires processing power which is consequently not available to the actual application functionality, leading to slower overall runtimes. Since the garbage collector runs periodically, it can occasionally lead to Java programs â€Å"freezing† for a few seconds. The best JVM implementations keep the occurrence of such freezes to a minimum, but the freezes have not been eliminated entirely. When dealing with external programs and devices, for example, during I/O or when interacting with a database, it is usually desirable to close the file or database connection as soon as it is no longer required. Using C++’s destructors, this happens as soon as the programmer calls delete. In Java, closing may not occur until the next garbage collecting sweep, which at best may tie up resources unnecessarily, and at worst risks the open resources ending up in an inconsistent state. The fact that Java programs keep memory blocks around longer than is strictly necessary is especially problematic for embedded devices where memory is often at a premium. It is no coincidence that there is (at the time of writing) no complete implementation of the Java platform for embedded devices, only partial implementations that implement a subset. The main reason why garbage collection is more expensive than explicit memory management by the programmer is that with the Java scheme, information is lost. In a C++ program, the programmer knows both where their memory blocks are (by storing pointers to them) and knows when they are not needed any longer. In a Java 6 A Comparison of Qt and Java program, the latter information is not available to the JVM (even though it is known to the programmer), and thus the JVM has to manually find unreferenced blocks. A Java programmer can make use of their knowledge of when a memory block is not needed any longer by deleting all references that are still around and triggering garbage collection manually, but this requires as much effort on the part of the programmer as with the explicit memory management in C++, and still the JVM has to look at each block during garbage collection to determine which ones are no longer used. Technically, there is nothing that prevents the implementation and use of garbage collection in C++ programs, and there are commercial programs and libraries available that offer this. But because of the disadvantages mentioned above, few C++ programmers make use of this. The Qt toolkit takes a more efficient approach to easing the memory management task for its programmers: when an object is deleted, all dependant objects are automatically deleted too. Qt’s approach does not interfere with the programmer’s freedom to delete manually when they wish to. Because manual memory management burdens programmers, C and C++ have been accused of being prone to generate unstable, bug-ridden software. Although the danger of producing memory corruption (which typically leads to program crashes) is certainly higher with C and C++, good education, tools and experience can greatly reduce the risks. Memory management can be learned like anything else, and there are a large number of tools available, both commercial and open source, that help programmers ensure that there are no memory errors in the program; for example, Insure++ by Parasoft, Purify by Rational and the open source Electric Fence. C++’s flexible memory management system also makes it possible to write custom memory profilers that are adapted to whichever type of application a programmer writes. To sum up this discussion, we have found C++ to provide much better runtime- and memory-efficiency than Java, while having comparable programmer-efficiency. 2. 4. Available libraries and tools The Java platform includes an impressive number of packages that provide hundreds of classes for all kinds of purposes, including graphical user interfaces, security, networking and other tasks. This is certainly an advantage of the Java platform. For each package available on the Java platform, there is at least one corresponding library for C++, although it can be difficult to assemble the various libraries that would be needed for a C++ project and make them all work together correctly. However, this strength of Java is also one of its weaknesses. It becomes increasingly difficult for the individual programmer to find their way through the huge APIs. For any given task, you can be almost certain that somewhere, there is 7 A Comparison of Qt and Java functionality that would accomplish the task or at least help with its implementation. But it can be very difficult to find the right package and the right class. Also, with an increasing number of packages, the size of the Java platform has increased considerably. This has led to subsets e. g. , for embedded systems, but with a subset, the advantage of having everything readily available disappears. As an aside, the size of the Java platform makes it almost impossible for smaller manufacturers to ship a Java system independent from Sun Microsystems, Java’s inventor, and this reduces competition. If Java has an advantage on the side of available libraries, C++ clearly has an advantage when it comes to available tools. Because of the considerable maturity of the C and C++ family of languages, many tools for all aspects of application development have been developed, including: design, debugging, and profiling tools. While there are Java tools appearing all the time, they seldom measure up to their C++ counterparts. This is often even the case with tools with the same functionality coming from the same manufacturer; compare, for example, Rational’s Quantify, a profiler for Java and for C/C++. The most important tool any developer of a compiled language uses, is still the compiler. C++ has the advantage of having compilers that are clearly superior in execution speed. In order to be able to ship their compilers (and other tools) on various platforms, vendors tend to implement their Java tools in Java itself, with all the aforementioned memory and efficiency problems. There are a few Java compilers written in a native language like C (for example, IBM’s Jikes), but these are the exception, and seldom used. 3. Comparing AWT/Swing and Qt So far, we have compared the programming language Java and the programming language C++. But as we discussed at the beginning of this article, the programming language is only one of the aspects to consider in GUI development. We will now compare the packages for GUI development that are shipped with Java, i. e. AWT and Swing, with the cross-platform GUI toolkit, Qt, from the Norwegian supplier, Trolltech. We have confined the comparision on the C++ side to the Qt GUI toolkit, since unlike MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) and similar toolkits, This seems to contradict Java’s cross-platform philosophy and may be due to the the initial AWT version being reputedly developed in under fourteen days. Because of these and a number of other problems with the AWT, it has since been augmented by the Swing toolkit. Swing relies on the AWT (and consequently on the native libraries) only for very basic things like creating rectangular windows, handling events and executing primitive drawing operations. Everything else is handled within Swing, including all the drawing of the GUI components. This does away with the problem of applications looking and behaving differently on different platforms. Unfortunately, because Swing is mostly implemented in Java itself, it lacks efficiency. As a result, Swing programs are not only slow when performing computations, but also when drawing and handling the user interface, leading to poor responsiveness. As mentioned earlier, poor responsiveness is one of the things that users are least willing to tolerate in a GUI application. On today’s standard commodity hardware, it is not unusual to be able to watch how a Swing button is redrawn when the mouse is pressed over it. While this situation will surely improve with faster hardware, this does not address the fundamental problem that complex user interfaces developed with Swing are inherently slow. The Qt toolkit follows a similar approach; like Swing, it only relies on the native libraries only for very basic things and handles the drawing of GUI components itself. This brings Qt the same advantages as Swing (for example, applications look and behave the same on different platforms), but since Qt is entirely implemented in C++ and thus compiled to native code; it does not have Swing’s efficiency problems. User interfaces written with Qt are typically very fast; because of Qt’s smart use of caching techniques, they are sometimes even faster than comparable programs written using only the native libraries. Theoretically, an optimal native program should always be at least as fast as an equivalent optimal Qt program; however, making a native program optimal is much more difficult and requires more programming skills than making a Qt program optimal. Both Qt and Swing employ a styling technique that lets programs display in any one of a number of styles, independent of the platform they are running on. This is possible because both Qt and Swing handle the drawing themselves and can draw GUI elements in whichever style is desired. Qt even ships with a style that emulates the default look-and-feel in Swing programs, along with styles that emulate the 9 A Comparison of Qt and Java Win32 look-and-feel, the Motif look-and-feel, and—in the Macintosh version— the MacOS X Aqua style. 3. 2. Programming Paradigms In Qt and Swing While programming APIs to some extent are a matter of the programmers’ personal taste, there are some APIs that lend themselves to simple, short, and elegant application code far more readily than others.

Direct Assessment Of Behavior By Adam - 892 Words

Direct Assessment of Behavior Adam was observed during his 5th-period algebra class on four different occasions. On October 22nd and October 26th, he was observed for 90 minutes. October 28th, Adam was also supposed to be observed for the entire 90-minute class, but the observation was cut short after he was sent to the office due to his behavior. The final observation was conducted on October 30th, for 75 minutes. Notes were taken detailing the classroom routine and Adam s behavior (See Appendix B). The direct observations confirmed many of the behaviors described in the indirect assessment. At different points, Adam was out of his seat, left the classroom, refused to do his work, and used his phone at inappropriate times, but as noted by Mr. Brown in the indirect assessment, it was Adam s verbal call outs that dominated the classroom climate during main group instruction. Even with the shortened days, Adam averaged almost 11 verbal call outs during the 40-50 minute main lessons. The indirect assessment gave the impression that the verbal call outs dissipated during the independent practice routine, giving way to more insubordinate behavior like a refusal to complete work. However, during the direct assessment, the verbal call outs spanned multiple routines, with Adam averaging 6 verbal call outs during independent practice. This pattern of verbal call outs was formatted in ABC sequences to help decipher the antecedents and consequences (See Appendix C). ForShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )803 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Description Adam, a white 16-year-old 10th grader, was the focus of the indirect and direct assessments. Adam receives special education services for other health impairments (OHI), specifically Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Adam’s teacher, Mr. B, and Adam both mentioned during the indirect and direct observations that he does not always take his medication for his ADHD. 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Serial Killer And Its Effects On Society s Most Dangerous...

The word â€Å"psychopath† may call to mind the sadistic Hollywood cannibal Hannibal Lector or the infamous serial killer from the 1970s Ted Bundy. This perception of psychopathy is accurate but incomplete. Psychopaths are significantly more likely to make contact with the criminal justice system and their crimes also tend to be more violent than those of other criminals (Carrà © et al., 2013). Psychopaths are found to be responsible for approximately 50% of serious crimes and make up about 20% of North American prisons (Hare, 1999). Psychopaths are notorious for being among society’s most dangerous individuals; however, this category not only refers to the ruthless serial killers, sex-offenders, and stereotypical convicts. In reality, most psychopaths are not criminals. In fact, most psychopaths possess a superficial charm that makes them rather appealing. This paper will focus less on the extreme, criminalized psychopath and more on those whom we might unknowingly encounter in everyday life. After exploring the diagnostic criteria for psychopaths and how the qualities associated with psychopathy tend to be favored in the workplace, this paper will examine how the disorder poses ethical problems for corporations and how society is dealing with the issue. Before exploring the callous world of the psychopath, the distinction between psychopathy and sociopathy must be addressed. While these two terms are frequently used interchangeably, they are not identical diagnoses.Show MoreRelatedThe Creation of a Serial Killer: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Serial killers are human black holes; they scare us because they mirror us,† spoke Shirley Lynn Scott, known author and psychologist. This stands true throughout history, as most serial killers blend in with society. 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An Older Brothers Influence in James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues

In James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† the unspoken brotherly bond between the narrator and his younger brother Sonny is illustrated through the narrator’s point of view. The two brothers have not spoken in years until the narrator receives a letter from Sonny after his daughter dies. He takes this moment as an important sign from Sonny and feels the need to respond. While both Sonny and the narrator live in separate worlds, all Sonny needs is a brother to care for him while the narrator finds himself in the past eventually learning his role as an older brother. When the narrator and Sonny finally get a chance to speak to each other after many years, they begin to slowly open up to each other the grim reality that they face. I said:†¦show more content†¦He knows his brother has as problem with drug addiction, but he does not want to see him give up without a fight. He cares about his brother, which is what Sonny has needed all this time; an olde r brother to tell him that he should not give up, that he should make smart decisions and make something of himself. The narrator is trying to make up for all the time apart that he has spent from Sonny during his time of need, and perhaps that is his way of making himself feel better about abandoning his younger brother so many years before. Sonny has had a problem with drugs for some time, which leads him having to serve a jail sentence. The narrator tries to stay oblivious, which is part of the reason he turned his back on his younger brother for so many years. â€Å"I couldn’t believe it: but what I mean by that is that I couldn’t find any room for it anywhere inside of me. I had kept it outside me for a long time. I hadn’t wanted to know. I had had suspicions, but I didn’t name them, I kept putting them away†(831). The way that he dealt with his younger brother’s problems was by turning his back on them. He knew that Sonny was dealing w ith heavy problems, but chose to look past them and live his own life. He also knows that leaving his brother during the time he needed him the most was wrong of him to do. The narrator goes on to say, â€Å"I didn’t want to believe that I’d ever see my brotherShow MoreRelated The Theme of Identity in Sonnys Blues Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages James Baldwins short story Sonnys Blues highlights the struggle because community involvement and individual identity. Baldwins leading theme - the discovery of identity - is nowhere presented more successfully than in the short story Sonnys Blues (Reilly 56). Individuals breeds isolation and even persecution by the collective, dominant community. This conflict is illustrated in three ways. First, the story presents the alienation of Sonny from his brother, the unnamed narrator. 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SWOT Analysis and Porter’s 5 Forces analyses of John Lewis Partnership Free Essays

Abstract This paper looks at John Lewis, a top retailer in theUKand a very successful brand in the EU region as a whole. It scans the environment in which John Lewis operates while scrutinizing the attractiveness and competitiveness of the retailing industry in theUnited Kingdom(Porter’s Five Forces analysis). The SWOT analysis is done to bring in to light the retailer’s strengths and weaknesses and to expose any opportunities that it can capitalize on and the possible threats it may stumble upon in the process of further development. We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis and Porter’s 5 Forces analyses of John Lewis Partnership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Since its inception in 1864, the John Lewis brand has grown in to one of theUK’s leading departmental stores and enduring brands. John Lewis boasts the only remaining traditionally English brand with a focus on quality, value-for-money and practicality (John Lewis, 2008). John Lewis specializes in selling food and drinks, clothes and household goods. In addition, John Lewis has recently diversified into financial services such as insurance and credit cards. During the early 2000’s, the company experienced serious financial crunches due to tribulations with its supply chain and poor product offerings with the worst time being at the year ending March 31, 2001 when its profits were recorded to be as low as ?2.8m on revenue of more than ?8bn (John Lewis, 2008). However, the retailer managed to turn its fortunes in the preceding years following changes in the management and has since attained a remarkable growth in profits due to rigorous cost cutting, promotions, widespread store refurbishment and aggressive marketing (Economist, 2012). Thus, profit before tax (?997) and net profit (?860m) for the year ending March 31, 2011 were at their highest since 2001 (John Lewis, 2012). However, following the credit crisis in the US and the difficult trading environment in the UK over the 2010 Christmas period, the company’s sales growth saw a marked slow-down and its shares plummeted almost overnight (Economist, 2012). John Lewis has recently gained the title of â€Å"bell-weather† in theUKretailing industry, which means that if John Lewis is besieged, the whole sector is also struggling to stand on its feet. To this end, the SWOT analysis below looks at the environment in which John Lewis is operating, bringing in to light the companyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s strengths and weaknesses while exposing the opportunities that the institution can capitalize on and the possible threats it may lurch in to in the process of further growth. SWOT Analysis Strengths John Lewis enjoys a strong brand of embodying qualities, practicality and value-for-money promoting its customer loyalty (John Lewis, 2012). John Lewis profits have been growing steadily since 2001 and the cash position was very strong as at the year ended 31 March 2011 marking a decade of enormous economic growth (MS, 2011). The highly qualified management team has being greatly praised for having reversed John Lewis fortunes in the last decade. John Lewis aggressively markets itself and has recently used celebrities like as their brand ambassadors (John Lewis, 2012). Weaknesses John Lewis performance slipped over the 2010 Christmas period. While all retailers practically underperformed during this time, John Lewis was the most exposed. At the time of writing, the share price was 361p with the 52-week low of 367p and high of 759p, which means that John Lewis MS had lost more than 50% of its value during the year (Sunday Times, 2011). Similarly, the price/earnings ratio of 9.4 is very low as compared to that of its competitor’s i.e Mark and Spenser. The price/earnings ratio is the key indicator of investor assurance in a company (Arnold, 2002). John Lewis has recently started cutting prices to match up the ever increasing competition. This may devalue the brand (The Economist, 2012). The company has been recently criticized for fuelling accusations of poor managerial incompetence, corporate governance and lack of transparency infuriating many large investors (Nugent and Hawkes, 2012). Opportunities The idea of developing markets to Asiapresents large opportunities for John Lewis. Designing of trendier clothes would attract young and potential customers to its stores. Online sales provide a great opportunity since online margins are higher citing extensive growth from online companies like eBay (John Lewis, 2011). The adoption of healthy lifestyles by customers presents an opportunity to sell healthy foods and sports gear. Growing insurance and credit card industry. The industry has been on an upward trend over the past decade. Considering that John Lewis has a division that contributes over 23% of its total revenue dedicated to this segment, it is likely to reap significant benefits if this opportunity is fully utilized. Threats Currently, John Lewis target group are older customers usually over 45 years. This might pose as a risk in the future due to the fact that today’s 20-30 year olds will still stay trendy after 10-20 years and might be reluctant to shop in John Lewis, especially taking into consideration the desire for people to look younger nowadays (The Economist, 2012). Jeremy Paxman shaped a storm of negative publicity when he criticized John Lewis underwear due to lack of support (Nugent and Hawkes, 2012). Even though it is considered that every third woman and fifth man in the UKbuys John Lewis underwear, the publicity may have an adverse effect on sales (John Lewis, 2012). The stated poor corporate governance in the company might lead to a fall in the interest margins and reduced revenues accrued from the cash equity business. Such declines may lead to a situation whereby clients lose their confidence on the company’s ability to meet its financial obligations. In addition, a decline in returns indicates that the group lacks the ability to deploy its resources to profitable ventures. Porter’s Five Forces Level of competition Competition in the retail industry sector is extremely fierce. Predicament to this problem is exacerbated by the fact that institutions are diversifying into non-core turfs thus creating extra competition. John Lewis is particularly exposed to competition as it sells not only food and drinks but also apparel and household goods. This leaves it vulnerable to competition from giant supermarkets such as Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury’s and clothes retailers such as Next, Topshop, Marks Spencer and Zara. Porter (1985) wrote that â€Å"companies pursue one of three generic strategies: low cost, differentiation or hybrid†. In this regard, John Lewis has long tried to distinguish itself from competition by placing itself as a higher quality value-for-money brand. However, this has being greatly affected by the cuttings in apparel prices which poses a risk of de-valuing the brand in the market and losing the scope of specialization (Arnold, 2012). However not a key business for John Lewis, the John Lewis credit cards and insurance face a lot of competition from banks and building societies. Threat of Substitutes Apparently, there are no major substitutes to food and clothes. This makes the threat of substitutes relatively low. Notably, the key threat in substitutes in the food market is mainly Waitrose, while Peter Jones and Marks and Spencer offer high quality apparel. Asda and Tesco have also introduced less affordable alternatives and are even trading dinner jackets (Wilkes, 2012). In this regards, the threat of substitutes is relatively high. Threat of New Entrants The threat of new entrants is relatively low. This is due to the massive capital investments required in setting up a successful chain store. Also, the retail industry is mature and a new entrant in the market would consider offering something radically new, which is quite difficult to do in cloth retailing. All key retailers have strong reputable brand names therefore benefits from customer loyalty, which becomes increasingly important in homogenous markets (Doyle, 2002). The existing retailers are firmly clenching on to their market shares and would use all available methods to counter any new entrants i.e. litigation. Importantly, the lack of market knowledge – particularly for foreign investors-possess as a barrier to new entrants. Bargaining Power of Buyers Is relatively high. The buyer’s concentration is high giving them an advantage in dictating tastes and rules. The switching costs are low and there are plenty of alternatives. The UKeconomy is prospected to slow down by mid 2013 forcing retailers to cut down prices and focus more on customer needs (BBC, 2012). Bargaining Power of Suppliers Is rather low. John Lewis being a large company listed with a huge turnover, suppliers always want their products on the retailer’s shelves in order to reach a large customer base enjoyed by John Lewis (Daveyand Laurance, 2008). Unlike other stores, John Lewis is not overly dependent on suppliers as it mainly sells own branded products. This means that it largely buys raw materials and not finished goods, which is favourable for margins (John Lewis, 2012). Conclusion Although John Lewis managed to conquer its financial crisis in the early 2000’s, it now faces a slowdown in its profit gains. This has being partly contributed by the past economic crunch in theUnited Stateswhich spread to Europe and to theUKmainly (ABC News, 2008). As the spending power of consumers decreases, customers get more cautious and start to shop around more for cheaper products (John Lewis, 2012). Even though John Lewis has a lot of strength to help maintain its leading position in the UK retail market, it should also be on the verge of managing its weaknesses and be particularly cautious with regard to any form of bad publicity that may tarnish its name. John Lewis should consider all possible means of maintaining investor relations and consider reforming its executive management to improve its corporate image. Developing in to other markets and online sales present great opportunities and John Lewis should not vacillate in embracing them (BBC, 2012). References ABC News (2008). Buffet: US essentially in recession. 3 March 2008. www.acnews.go.com (Accessed 31/07/2012) Arnold, G. (2012). Corporate financial management. 3d. ed.Essex: Prentice Hall. BBC (2012). Darling signals economic slowdown. 8 March 2012. www.news.bbc.co.uk (Accessed 31/07/2012) Davey, J and Laurance, B (2008). John Lewis under fire: how the City turned against Rose. The Sunday Times. 16 March 2008, p.12-13 Dess, G.D., Lumpkin, G.T. andTaylor, M.L. (2004). Strategic Management: Creating Competitive Advantages. McGraw Hill Professional, p. 75 Doyle, P. (2012). Marketing Management and Strategy 3d ed., Pearson Education. Financial Times (2012). Market data. Information on oil prices. 24 March 2012. www.ft.com (Accessed 31/07/2012) LegalMedical (2008). Man loses MS grape case. 14 March 2008. www.legal-medical.co.uk (Accessed 31/07/2012) John Lewis (2012). John Lewis Annual report 2011. www.johnlewis.com (Accessed 31/07/2012) Nugent, H and Hawkes, S (2012). George follows Jeremy Paxman as John Lewis faces another brief challenge. 20 March 2012. www.timesonline.co.uk (Accessed 31/07/2012) Porter, M. (1985) Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance.New York: Free Press The Economist (2012). The world in figures: industries. The world in 2012. p124, 126 The Economist (2012). A Rose by any other name. A retailing star ticks off investors at an awkward time. 13 March 2012, p58-60 The Sunday Times (2012). Top 200 companies indices. 16 June 2012, p.19 Wilkes, D (2007). Asda launches ?35 tuxedo in attempt to sew-up formal attire market. The Daily Mail. 14 November 2007. www.dailymail.co.uk (Accessed 31/07/2012) How to cite SWOT Analysis and Porter’s 5 Forces analyses of John Lewis Partnership, Essay examples

iPhone Maintain its Initial Momentum Case Study

Question: Discuss about the iPhone Maintain its Initial Momentum. Answer: Introduction: Apple Incorporation is one of the most observable companies in the world and has a very good brand value which is recognize by consumers and appreciated worldwide. The dominance of the brand Apple in Asia especially in India is huge. Except from being a computer manufacturing company Apple has made evolution in the Smartphone industry by introducing the most sophisticated and premium quality Smartphone known as iPhone which changed the face of Apple Incorporation. The man behind this innovation of iPhone is Steve Jobs. Not only in the field of Smartphones but also introducing sophisticated electronics goods like Apple iPod, Apple Mac Book and Apple Watch. The iPhone was launched in January, 2007 and from that period it has created a noise among several consumers. For this case study the researcher has selected India among others Asian countries to evaluate the questions and provide solutions accordingly. In a market place there are two types of environment which are not controllable but they affect various marketing strategies. The two environments consist of micro and macro environments. The micro environment is all the internal factors which include the suppliers, sellers, customers and the general public. And the macro environment consists of demographic forces, economic factors, and technological factors, social and cultural factors of any organization. Both this above mentioned environment are to be judged carefully before entering into a market as it provides detail information about the market scenarios. For evaluating the impact of micro and macro environment in Indian the researcher is going to describe it with a SWOT Analysis. Strengths: One of the most differential factors of Apple is their Brand Value and quality of products they provide to their customers. Not only Apple manufacturer good products but also promotes innovation. In Indian marketing place if a brand like Apple has to survive it has to promote consumer loyalty. As Indian customers are committed to their brands and have social and cultural behavior attached to them. The brand Apple has the ability to promise brand value to their customers by providing exceptional quality of products, high class technology and premium image (Rachet . 2014) Weakness: The weakness associated with the Brand Apple is that they charge a very high price for their products and there are lots of restrictions in the software of the iPhones which creates a great hazard for consumer to adapt the technology. And there are many companies those sale there product at a cheaper rate compared to Apple. So if Apple needs to succeed in India it has to lower its price (Tar . 2013) Opportunity: As the growing potential of Smartphones are getting larger. There is large market potential in India which Apple can utilize to capture and retain valuable customers. Due to constant technological advancement Apple has always been able to delivered sophisticated products and this encourages Indian customers to purchase iPhone more than any other brands (Rachet . 2014) Threat: The biggest threat associated with Apple is Android and Samsung. As iPhone runs on iOS software which is not so much user friendly and android software which is known as the best operating mobile software are getting consumer preferences more. Another important threat to Apple is the Brand Samsung which is very much in competition with them. The differentiation factor of Samsung that it has a varied number of products. While Apple only concentrates only with iPhone. To penetrate and explore the Indian market place Apple needs to make changes in their product line with much more number of Smartphones and a consumer friendly operating system (Tar . 2013) So with the help of the SWOT Analysis we can get a wider view of what are the factors Apple must concentrate on before launching iPhone in India and how Apple can solve those issues permanently. The Strengths and Weakness of Samsung and Apple are as follows: Samsung: It is one of the largest manufacturers of television sets and mobile phones. It is also one of the companies that is dominating the market share of 21.4% of Smartphones. It has a very intensive research team and exceptional design capabilities. With strong manufacturing units and spontaneous marketing abilities they are impressing lots of consumers (Cive. 2013) The weakness related to Samsung that it is not able to cope up with the marketing strategies implemented by Apple. Competition from several other brands like Xiaomis and Huaweis are penetrating the market (Cive. 2013). As Samsung devices are mostly equipped with Google Android operating system most consumer have a perception that Android is an inferior product in respect to Apple iOS operating software. Consumers also think that Samsung products are not so technologically advanced as compare to Apples. Another weakness of Samsung is that their marketing strategies are not classy as Apples. Apple: The Strengths of Apple are it is one of the most valuable brands across the world. With constant innovation of products and a positive brand image Apple is leading the Smartphone market globally. Apple always penetrates the market with market skimming pricing strategy with the help of which they receive high initial returns on their investments. Apple incorporation is always innovating so they are quite aware of the new technologies which provide them a competitive benefit over other brands. The weakness prevailing with Apple is that they have a very rigid distribution network which only enables them to select certified seller of its product. As the distribution of the product get limited the market reach of Apple decreases. Due to their high pricing strategies Apple products are not entertained by low end markets. And it is only consider for those consumers with a high level of purchasing power. As in India low end marketing customer are more than 70% of the market the sales growth of Apple tends to fall (Hill et al. 2014). Recommendation to Apple: If Samsung needs to dominate the Asian market then it is necessary for them in innovating their products and uniqueness of their smart phones. The main problem with Samsung mobile devices is that they are very slow and often needs a lot of charging. The battery life is also poor. Another crucial factor is that Samsung does not put lot of efforts when it comes to marketing and promotion. With high quality of advertisement and promotional awareness they can dominate the market. Samsung concentrates not only in mobile phones but with a huge numbers of products which deteriorate its image and brand value. So if they want to establish themselves as one the leading Smartphones Brand in Asia they must focus on mobile devices only (Sarwar et al. 2013). There are few strategies with the help of which Apple can surpass Samsung growth in Asian Market. The first step that Apple needs to follow is to expand their distribution network across Asian countries, by not only selecting authorized sellers but also including sellers from different domains. This can gradually increase the potential customers in global marketing scenario. The next step is to increase the demand of Smartphones and tablets among Asian countries. As Apple only promotes iPhone, and focus only on that product it will be beneficial for them if they increase the number of product lines and innovate more products they will be getting a competitive advantages over other companies. Another important factor by which Apple can succeed is by lowering it prices (Cusumano . 2013). This decreasing of prices can be done by charging less to the consumer and having low limits of profit from them. Innovating low cost product for Asian countries and maintaining same quality standards. Accomplishment of all the services related to product features should be available to the customers. For example basic apps, Apple News, Apple Pay and iBooks are not available in Asian countries. Absent of local languages in iPhones are also a barrier for apple in Asian countries. If Apple has to grow in Asia the above mentioned factors should be properly analyzed and evaluated accordingly to make Apple as dominant leader of Smartphones in Asia (Sarwar and Soomro 2013). Conclusion: The assessment deals with the impact and effects of different marketing environments on the strategies of Apple while launching its iPhone in India. Apple is one the most innovative companies in the world. And with their high skilled employees they can literally transform the evolution of Smartphones globally. As far India is considered it is one of the growing economies and if Apple uses its strategies right they can really become the market leader. While Samsung is dominating the market with new product lines and comparatively less prices than Apple it is necessary for Apple to adapt to these changes. Moreover Apple needs to focus on customer retention by providing them valuable after sale services and introducing more new features in their product. One of the most adverse problems Apple is facing is labour disputes in their manufacturing plant in China, which increases the price of the product gradually so it is necessary for them to open more manufacturing units across the world. References: Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Civi, E., 2013. Marketing strategies to survive in a recession.International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets,5(3), pp.254-267. Cusumano, M.A., 2013. The apple-samsung lawsuits.Communications of the ACM,56(1), pp.28-31. Fisher III, W.W. and Oberholzer-Gee, F., 2013. Strategic management of intellectual property.California management review,55(4), pp.157-183. Harris, L.K., 2014. Apple Computer Pricing Strategy: Key Success Factors and Profit Margin. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Rachet, B., 2014. Swot Analysis of Apple Inc.Docs. school Publications. Rani, H.M.N.S., Zuber, F., Yusoof, M.S., Zamziba, M.N. and Toriry, S.A., 2016. Managing Cross-Cultural Environment in Samsung Company: Strategy in Global Business.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,6(11), pp.605-613. Sarwar, M. and Soomro, T.R., 2013. Impact of Smartphones on Society.European Journal of Scientific Research,98(2), pp.216-226. Sun, Y., 2014. A Smartphone Company's Innovative Marketing Strategy in the Chinese Market: A case study of iPhone. Tar, A., 2013. Apple SWOT Analysis. Yi, C., 2013. Unlocking a Balance in US Mobile Phone Locking Policies.Available at SSRN 2394292.